For the setup and price you're talking about I'd look at something like
this TEAC turntable.
I bought an
Audio Technica equivalent a couple of years back and it does the job. Like most turntables, it outputs to an RCA pair.
The relevant cable to adapt it is really cheap.It's not an audiophile's dream (no turntable with a built-in pre-amp is) but I never, ever think "man, this sounds a bit shit". I'm sure a back-to-back comparison with a better setup would show up all the deficiencies, but right now I find it fine. I basically listen to stuff via various PC speaker set-ups or on headphones with competing background noise, so ... fucking whatever.
I also have no idea if it's relevant to what you're planning to do, but there are cheap turntables that output digital over USB as well. Designed specifically for oldies who want to digitise their collections, so far as I can tell.
Edit: Further to what I said about the audiophile stuff above,
if you're looking to buy vinyl because of superiority in the sound or anything like that, don't. You will not get the benefits of any argued superiority unless you're shelling out fuck loads for a top-end setup, in my experience, and you're going to have your music in a format that's not as easily portable or manageable (space, handling, etc) as digital formats.
That said, I've obviously got a turntable and have bought a lot of vinyl. It's either been because a) I saw it cheap in that format or b) it's something that wasn't released on CD / downloadable format. Recent singles that I could download, I've still opted for vinyl and recorded them to my computer on the first listen. I see that as a kind of future-proof approach - if better file formats come along or I think I want shit in FLAC or whatever at some point, I've got what I need to do it myself.